Munshi Premchand, often called the “Shakespeare of Hindi and Urdu literature,” was one of the greatest Indian writers whose stories and novels captured the struggles, emotions, and realities of Indian society. His works provided a voice to the common people—farmers, laborers, women, and the oppressed—highlighting their hardships and dreams. He transformed Hindi-Urdu literature by moving away from fantasy and mythology to focus on realism, social injustice, poverty, and nationalism. His legacy remains alive through his timeless works, which continue to inspire generations of readers and writers.
Early Life and Struggles
Premchand was born as Dhanpat Rai Srivastava on July 31, 1880, in Lamhi, a small village near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. He was later given the pen name “Premchand” by his Urdu teacher. His early life was filled with struggles—he lost his mother at a young age, and his father, a poor government clerk, remarried. The hardships of his childhood shaped his writing, making him deeply sensitive to issues like poverty, caste discrimination, and exploitation.
Despite financial difficulties, Premchand was passionate about education. He completed his schooling in Varanasi and later became a teacher, eventually rising to the position of Deputy Inspector of Schools. However, his real passion was writing, and he started publishing his works in Urdu under the pen name “Nawab Rai.”
Premchand’s Contribution to Literature
Premchand was a pioneer of realism in Indian literature. Before him, Hindi and Urdu fiction largely focused on fantasy, romance, and mythology. He introduced real-life struggles, social issues, and the voice of the oppressed into literature. His works were deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s ideology, and he often wrote about freedom, social justice, and national awakening.
Themes in Premchand’s Writings
- Social Injustice – He exposed issues like untouchability, caste discrimination, and exploitation of farmers.
- Women’s Rights – His female characters were strong, independent, and revolutionary for that time.
- Nationalism – He supported the Indian freedom movement and encouraged self-reliance.
- Poverty and Rural Life – He portrayed the real struggles of peasants and the lower class.
Famous Works of Premchand
Novels
- Godan (1936) – His masterpiece, this novel highlights the struggles of poor farmers in India, especially the burden of debt.
- Nirmala (1928) – A novel about child marriage and the suffering of women in Indian society.
- Gaban (1931) – A story about middle-class greed, dishonesty, and its consequences.
- Rangbhoomi (1925) – A novel dealing with exploitation by the British and Indian landlords.
Short Stories
- Kafan – A heartbreaking story of a father and son who do not mourn their dying wife/daughter-in-law because of their own selfishness.
- Panch Parmeshwar – A tale about justice and morality in rural India.
- Idgah – A touching story of a young boy named Hamid, who sacrifices his desires to buy tongs for his grandmother.
- Shatranj Ke Khiladi – A story set in Lucknow during British rule, later adapted into a film by Satyajit Ray.
Premchand and the Indian Freedom Movement
Premchand was deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi. In 1921, during the Non-Cooperation Movement, he left his government job to fully dedicate himself to writing for India’s freedom struggle. His writings were filled with nationalist spirit, urging people to fight against British rule and social evils.
Legacy and Influence
Premchand’s contribution to Hindi and Urdu literature remains unparalleled. He gave literature a social purpose, making it a tool for change. His realistic portrayal of Indian society set the foundation for modern Hindi literature. Today, his books are studied in schools and universities, and his stories are adapted into plays, films, and television shows.
He passed away on October 8, 1936, but his words continue to inspire generations. His works remain relevant, reflecting the struggles of the poor, the injustices of society, and the dreams of a better India.
Conclusion: The Timeless Voice of the Common People
Premchand was not just a writer; he was a social reformer, a thinker, and a nationalist who used literature to awaken society. His works are a mirror of Indian society, showcasing both its strengths and flaws. His storytelling remains unmatched, making him a true literary legend. Even today, Premchand’s writings speak to the heart of the common man, proving that great literature never ages—it only becomes more powerful with time.